OH How Happy, U Made Me
Happiness
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"Happy" redirects here. For other uses, see Happy (disambiguation).
Emotions
Basic
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Happiness
Disgust
Joy, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century)Happiness is an emotion
in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction
to bliss and intense joy.
[edit] Mechanistic view
[edit] Biological basis
A person's overall happiness is objectively measurable; it does have a real
physiological component. The neurotransmitter dopamine, perhaps especially
in the mesolimbic pathway projecting from the midbrain to structures such
as the nucleus accumbens, is involved in desire and seems often related to
pleasure. Pleasure can be induced artificially with drugs, perhaps most directly
with opiates such as morphine, with activity on mu-opioid receptors. Their
are neural opioid systems that make and release the brain's own opioids, active
at these receptors. Mu-opioid neural systems are complexly interrelated with
the mesolimbic dopamine system. New science, using genetically altered mice,
including ones deficient in dopamine or in mu-opioid receptors, is beginning
to tease apart the functions of dopamine and mu-opioid systems, which some
scientists (e.g., Kent C. Berridge) think are more directly related to happiness.[citation
needed] Stefan Klein in his book "The Science of Happiness" links
these biological foundations of happiness to the concepts and findings of
Positive Psychology and Social Psychology.
Neuroscientist R.J. Davidson has developed reliable tests to objectively quantify subjective levels of happiness using fMRI and EEG.[citation needed]
[edit] In humans
When speaking of animals with the ability to reason (generally considered
the exclusive domain of humans), goals are no longer limited to short term
satisfaction of basic drives. Nevertheless, there remains a strong relationship
of happiness to goal fulfillment and the brain's reinforcement mechanism,
even if the goals themselves may be more complex and/or cerebral, longer term,
and less selfish than a non-human animal's goals might be.[citation needed]
Philosophers observe that short-term gratification, while briefly generating happiness, often requires a trade-off with negative repercussions in the long run. Examples of this could be said to include developing technology and equipment that makes life easier but over time ends up harming the environment, causing illness or wasting financial or other resources. Various branches of philosophy, as well as some religious movements, suggest that "true" happiness only exists if it has no long-term detrimental effects. Classical Utilitarianism is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of happiness.[citation needed]
From the observation that fish must become happy by swimming, and birds must become happy by flying, Aristotle points to the unique abilities of man as the route to happiness. Of all the animals only man can sit and contemplate reality. Of all the animals only man can develop social relations to the political level. Thus the contemplative life of a monk or professor, or the political life of a military commander or politician will be the happiest.[citation needed]
In contrast, Zhuangzi points out that only man is endowed with the ability necessary to generate complex language and thought--language and thought that can be used to distinguish between things and form dichotomies. These dichotomies then formed, man tries to find reasons to like one side of things and hate the other. Hence, he loses his ability to love freely, in true happiness, unlike animals.[citation needed]
[edit] Mystical (religious, spiritual, and mythological) view
Explanation of happiness in mystical traditions, especially in advanced spiritual
techniques is related to full balance (conjunction, union, "secret marriage")
of so called inner energy lines (energy channels of a soul or deepest dimension
of the human): nadi (ancient Indian), gimel kavim (Hebrew), pillars, columns,
gnostic ophis or caduceus. In balanced state two main lines (left & right,
Ida & Pingala) form third line, called Shushumna or lashon hakodesh (hebr.).
Speaking technically (full) activity of this third or central line is happiness.
Left and right lines include all aspects of normal human life: sleep and awake,
body and mind, physical and spiritual and so on. To attain balanced state
of these 2 lines is a main task of life - a paradoxical result of all kinds
of activities and endeavours combined with full relax or tranquility at the
same time.[citation needed]
In Catholicism, the ultimate end of human existence consists in felicity (Latin equiv. to the Gk. eudaimonia), or "blessed happiness", described by the 13th-C. philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas as a Beatific Vision of God's essence in the next life. See Summa Theologiae
In addition, according to Augustine's Confessions, he lived much of his life without God. He sinned much and recognized his sinfulness. As a youth, he sinned for its own sake, and later in the pursuit of a perceived good. When he lost a dear friend to death, it troubled him a lot and he turned to God for answers. He turned to God to find true happiness, and was converted to Catholicism. He found that true happiness can only come from a relationship with God, and appreciating what God created for God's sake, and not its own.
Happiness forms a central theme of Buddhist teachings and the Eightfold Path that will lead its practitioner to Nirvana, a state of everlasting peace. In this teaching, happiness is only achieved by overcoming desire in all forms. The philosophy and practice of Buddhism also encourages the generation of compassion, the desire for the happiness and well being of others [1].
[edit] Positive psychology
Main article: Positive psychology
In his book Authentic Happiness, Martin Seligman, one of the founders of Positive
psychology, describes happiness as consisting of 'positive emotions' and 'positive
activities'.
He further categorizes emotions related to the past, present and future. Positive emotions relating to the past include satisfaction, contentment, pride and serenity. Positive emotions relating to the future include optimism, hope and trust. Positive emotions about the present are divided into two categories: pleasure and gratifications. The bodily and higher pleasures are "pleasures of the moment" and usually involve some external stimulus.
Gratifications involve full engagement, flow, elimination of self-consciousness, and blocking of felt emotions. But when a gratification comes to an end then positive emotions will be felt. Gratifications can be obtained or increased by developing 'signature strengths' and virtues. Authenticity is the derivation of gratification and positive emotions from exercising signature strengths. The good life comes from using 'signature strengths' to obtain abundant gratification in, for example, enjoying work and creative activities. The most profound sense of happiness is experienced through the 'meaningful life', achieved if one exercises one's uniques strengths and virtues in a purpose greater than one's own immediate goals.
[edit] Worldwide happiness
The Satisfaction with Life Index. Green = Happiest > Blue > Purple >
Orange > Red = Least Happy; Grey = Data not availableThe Satisfaction with
Life Index is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness (subjective
life satisfaction) in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend
to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy
they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success to GDP
or GNP. Some studies suggest that happiness can be measured effectively.
There are also several examples of measures that includes self-reported happiness as one variable. Happy Life Years, a concept brought by Dutch sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with life expectancy. The Happy Planet Index combines it with life expectancy and ecological footprint. Gross national happiness is a concept introduced by the King of Bhutan as an alternative to GDP but there is as yet no exact definition.[citation needed]
[edit] Happiness and economics
Main article: Happiness economics
Typically market health measures such as GDP and GNP have been used as a measure
of successful policy. However, although on average richer nations tend to
be happier than poorer nations, beyond an average GDP/capita of about $15,000
a year, studies indicate the average income in a nation makes little difference
to the average happiness of the people in the nation.[1][2] It has been argued
that happiness measures could be used not as a replacement for more traditional
measures but as a supplement.[3]
[edit] What causes happiness - scientific research
Looking for the level of happiness as reported by people, and comparing it
to various elements in their life reveals the following findings: [2]
About 50% of one's happiness depends on one's genes. This is shown by studying
identical twins, and learning that their happiness is 50% correlated even
when growing up in different houses.
10-15% is a result of various measurable variables. Like socioeconomic status,
marital status, health, income, and others.
The rest of the variance does not have a discernible cause. Called "unexplained
variance", it may actually be attributed to noise.
[edit] Religious involvement and happiness
There is now extensive research suggesting that religious people are happier
and less stressed.[4][5] Surveys by Gallup, the National Opinion Research
Centre and the Pew Organization conclude that spiritually committed people
are twice as likely to report being "very happy" than the least
religiously committed people.[6] An analysis of over 200 social studies contends
that "high religiousness predicts a rather lower risk of depression and
drug abuse and fewer suicide attempts, and more reports of satisfaction with
life and a sense of well-being"[7] and a review of 498 studies published
in peer-reviewed journals concluded that a large majority of them showed a
positive correlation between religious commitment and higher levels of perceived
well-being and self-esteem, and lower levels of hypertension, depression and
clinical delinquency.[8][9] Studies by Keith Ward show that overall religion
is a positive contributor to mental health[10] and a meta-analysis of 34 recent
studies published between 1990 and 2001 also found that religiosity has a
salutary relationship with psychological adjustment, being related to less
psychological distress, more life satisfaction, and better self-actualization.[11]
Finally, a recent systematic review of 850 research papers on the topic concluded
that "the majority of well-conducted studies found that higher levels
of religious involvement are positively associated with indicators of psychological
well-being (life satisfaction, happiness, positive affect, and higher morale)
and with less depression, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug/alcohol use/abuse."
[12]
